Hubungan Thermofilik dan Hiperthermofilik Mikroorganisme dengan Protein Stabil Terhadap Haba (Termostable protein)

 

Termophili dan Hipertermophili dapat diisolasi dari banyak sumber alami, termasuk lumpur panas (Solfatara dan Lapindo),gunung berapi (Kelud),mata air panas dan semburan uap air (Taman Nasional Yellowstone), dan sedimen trumbu laut dalam (Ridge Atlantik tengah), serta diisolasi dari industri guna haba seperti limpahan janakuasa listrik geotermal dan sistem buangan slud.

Kebanyakan termophili dan hipertermofili adalah chemolithoautotrophs dan fiksasi CO2 oleh sintesis kimia. Selain H2 penting sebagai donor elektron, ion sulfida, ion sulfur dan ion ferri juga digunakan. Majoriti tumbuh secara anerobik juga sesetengah secara aerobik walaupun pada kondisi kurang oksigen serta ada sesetengahnya secara fakultatif heterotroph, dimana bisa saling tukar dari autotrophik kepada heterotrophik apabila keberadaan bahan organik mencukupi. Kebanyakan mempunyai peptida degragasi, dan banyak dapat tumbuh dengan variasi karbohidrat kompleks ataupun yang dasar.

Tabel 1.2 : Taxonomi bagi termophili dan hipertermophili yang mampu tumbuh dengan peptida dan/atau

karbohidrat serta karakter tumbuh secara dasar.

 

 

Order                                                                                     Genus                                                           Daerah Topt                Anerobik/Aerobik              Peptida/Karbohidrat

(C?)                              (an/ae)                                   (p/c)^a

 

 

Bacteria

Thermotogales                                                                   Thermotoga                                                                        65-85                                       an                                               p, c

Fervidobacterium                                      65-70                                       an                                               p, c

Marinitoga                                                                          55-65                                       an                                               p, c

Petrotoga                                                    55-60                                        an                                               p, c

Thermopallium                                             70                                           an                                               p, c

Thermosipho                                               65-75                                       an                                               p, c

 

Aquificales                                                                                                  Aquifex                                                            85                                           ae                                                 –

Hydrogenobacter                                      65-76                                        an*                                              –

Hydrogenobaculum                                    65                                           an                                                 –

Hydrogenothermus                                     65                                           an*                                              –

Persephonella                                            70-73                                        an*                                              –

Sulfurihydrogenibium                            60-65                                     fac. an                                            –

 

Thermoanaerobacteriales                                             Thermoanaerobacter                              55-75                                        an                                               p, c

Thermoanaerobacterium                       55-65                                        an                                                 c

Carboxydibrachium                                    70                                           an                                               p, c

Thermovenabulum                                       60                                           an                                               p, c

Thermanaeromonas                                    70                                           an                                                 c

Thermacetogenium                                      55                                           an                                                 –

Moorella                                                      55-65                                        an                                                 c

Gelria                                                              55                                           an                                                 c

Coprothermobacter                                 55-60                                        an                                               p, c

 

Sphingobacteriales                                                          Rhodothermus                                              65                                           ae                                               p, c

 

Dictyoglomales                                                                 Dictyoglomus                                             70-75                                        an                                                 c

 

Thermales                                                                            Thermus                                                      50-80                                        ae                                               p, c

Marinithermus                                             70                                           ae                                               p, c

Oceanithermus                                             60                                           ae                                               p, c

Vulcanithermus                                            70                                           ae                                               p, c

Archaea

Sulfolobales                                                                                               Acidianus                                                    70-88                                     fac. an                                           p

Metallosphaera                                         65-75                                        ae                                                 p

Stygiolobus                                                                            80                                           an                                                 –

Sulfolobus                                                   65-85                                        ae                                               p, c

Sulfurisphaera                                             85                                        fac. an                                            p

 

Thermoproteales                                                               Thermofilum                                              85-88                                        an                                               p, c

Caldivirga                                                      83                                           an                                               p, c

Pyrobaculum                                              90-100                                  fac. an                                            p

Thermocladium                                            75                                           an                                               p, c

Thermoproteus                                             85                                           an                                                 p

Vulcanisaeta                                              85-90                                        an                                               p, c

 

Desulfurococcales                                                            Acidilobus                                                      85                                           an                                               p, c

Aeropyrum                                                  90-95                                        ae                                                 p

Desulfurococcus                                       85-90                                        an                                               p, c

Ignicoccus                                                      90                                           an                                               p, c

Staphylothermus                                       85-90                                        an                                               p, c

Stetteria                                                          95                                           an                                                 p

Sulfophobococcus                                       90                                           an                                                 –

Thermodiscus                                                88                                           an                                               p, c

Thermosphaera                                            85                                           an                                               p, c

Hyperthermus                                               99                                           an                                                 p

Pyrodictium                                                                        85-105                                     an                                                 p

Pyrolobus                                                      103                                       fac. an                                            c

 

Thermococcales                                                                 Palaeococcus                                             80-83                                        an                                                 p

Pyrococcus                                                                          95-100                                     an                                               p, c

Thermococcus                                            75-90                                        an                                               p, c

 

Archaeoglobales                                                               Archaeoglobus                                          75-85                                        an                                                 p

Ferroglobus                                                                          85                                           an                                                 p

Geoglobus                                                      88                                           an                                                 p

Strain 121                                                     103                                          an                                                 –

 

 

Petunjuk :

*Diketahui dapat menerima sedikit deteksi O2

a Dengan komposisi kompleks peptida seperti peptone,tryptone, ekstrak yis ditandai. Tiada simbol bermakna proses

tumbuh pada setiap substrat tidak dilaporkan

Analisis Phylogenetik untuk mikroorganisme hipertermofilik menunjukan cabang dalam pada pokok kehidupan universal yang menjadi spekulasi tentang warisan kehidupan awal yang secara umum mempunyai karakteristik hipertermofilik (Gambar 1.1). Archaea adalah organism sel tunggal (klasifikasi prokaryot) seperti bakteria dan tiada nukleus. Namun, perbandingan dan sekuen genom rRNA  menunjukan archaea berkongsi persamaan signifikan dengan Eukarya (Woese,1987). Contoh eukaryot jelas secara analogi adalah archaeal transcription machinery, merupakan versi dasar kepada sistem eukaryal, dan transilasi archean; yang menggunakan inisiasi seperti eukaryot dan faktor elongasi (Langer,et al.,1995, Hartman, et al.,2006). Organisasi genom archaea persis seperti bakteria; satu kromosom siklus, kluster operon yang mempunyai gen saling berkait, dan introns yang sulit tampak kelihatan. Selain itu, kebanyakan regulator transkripsi archaeal menunjukan binaan semula dari kebalikan bagian bakteria (Aravind & koonin,1999). Sebagian ciri-ciri archaea juga didapati dari kedua eukarya dan bakteria. Paling mudah untuk identifikasi archaea adalah membrannya yang mengandung lipid glikol-eter dimana bagian glikol pada archaea berbeda dengan yang lain secara stereokimia berbanding blok pembinaan major bagi membran bacteria dan eukarya (Koga,et al.,1993). Lipid archaeal berdasar pada rantai sisi isoprenoid, dimana bisa  berkembang menjadi membran sempurna (lipd tetraeter).